PROTAPER

Protaper means progressive taper to improve flexibility and cutting efficiency. The change percentage of taper over the length of cutting blades adds to its unique feature. Variable tip diameters of protaper file allow it to have specific cutting action in defines arear of the canal without stressing instrument in other sections. The helical change angle over its cutting blades reduces the instrument from screeing into the canal and allows better removal of debris. It works on the principle of active motion which increases its efficiency and reduces torsional strain. Length of protaper reduced from 15 to 12.5mm for better access in the posterior region.

Niti protaper has 55% nickel and 45% titanium which has an advantage on shape memory, superelasticity, low modules of elasticity, corrosion-resistant, softer, good resiliency and biocompatibility. The protaper system consists of just three shaping and five finishing files.

Sx-orange coloured handle and use for the shaping of the orifice.

S1-purple coloured ring and used to prepare coronal part of the root.

S2-white coloured ring and used to prepare middle 1/3rd of the canal.

F1-yellow coloured ring and used to prepare apical third of the canal.

F2-red coloured ring and prepare apical third of the canal.

F3-blue coloured ring on the handle and used to prepare apical third of the canal.

F4-black coloured ring on the handle and used to prepare the apical 1/3rd of the canal.

F5-double yellow coloured ring and use to prepare apical 1/3rd of a canal.

There is retreatment protaper file also in protaper system which is a new edition in the treatment.

D1-11mm handle 16mm cutting surface,9% taper and for coronal filling removal.

D2-11mm handle,18mm cutting blades,8% taper and for middle filling removal.

D3-11mm Handle,22mm Cutting Blade,7%Taper and for apical filling removal.

Protaper gold is those with increased flexibility, greater resistance to cyclic fatigue and shorter handle of 11mm.Rotary protaper Niti files simplify root canal preparation, particularly in curved and restricted canals and their recommended speed is 15-350rpm.

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DENTAL POST

The post is used to support the crown and make a tooth larger and helps to regain anatomy and function to a tooth that was destroyed or weakened. It protects what remains of the tooth for possible fractures, retention and distribution of occlusal forces.there are two types of post material used in dentistry i.e metal or non-metal.

The metallic post comes in Pre-fabricated and post-fabricated forms. The prefabricated are stainless steel or titanium. They are easier, faster, cheaper, and less abusive to the tooth. The post fabricated can be made up of gold type iii or iv. They have high tensile strength, compression and deformation which means they have a high modulus of elasticity and cannot be screwed.

The non-metallic post is made up of zirconium,resin-reinforced with glass fibre reinforced resin and carbon fibre.The zirconia post has an extremely high modulus of elasticity. The fibreglass and carbon have a modulus of elasticity similar to dentin and they have least likely to cause root fractures. They are way cheaper, faster, easier, requires less wear layer than zirconium.

There are various characteristics of dental post for including size, length and forms. The size of the post should not exceed one-third of the root diameter. Conversely, increasing the removal of the dental structure to accommodate a wide pole can lead to perforation nor predispose root fracture. The length of a post must be equal to or greater than the length of the crown. It is recommended between half and three fourth parts of the tooth root.There are smooth,striated,conical,parallel,assets,hybrid,rigid,flexible,liabilities post forms available in the dental market.Adhesive and non-adhesive cement is used to cement this post.

Merits of using post are they reduce the risk of root fracture and carbon post allows the stumps in the single session. Demerits are that metal post are very rigid and stress transfer to the tooth root, expensive because of its chemical components and metal post are transparent showing an opacity in the central part of the tooth and gums.

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ORTHODONTIC BRACKETS

In this new era most of the people aware that lower third of the face especially the teeth are vital for social communication and acceptance. Due to this, orthodontics comes into play. It aims to align teeth to achieve optimum aesthetics and function. The treatment used to correct a malocclusion, a condition caused by crowded, crooked or protruding teeth where jaws do not meet properly. It can be inherited or acquired by thumb sucking, premature loss of teeth or an accident. Now the treatment is more comfortable and takes less time than it did years ago.

Brackets are the most important element or in simple words, it is the tool that holds the wire. Brackets are made up of metal, plastic, ceramic or combination of these.They are classified according to the Size(large/mini/ultra 

mini),Base(straight/curved),Width(narrow/medium/wide),and may be single or thin according to the technique used.Brackets materials must be hygienic, non-toxic, resistant to corrosion, esthetics, not absorb water, not discoloured by an oral liquid, minimal bracket wire friction.

Some are visible or noticeable and some are non-visible or not noticeable. Some shaped like hearts and football. There are now gold plated braces and glow in the dark retainers in the dental market. There are two types of brackets treatment which is fixed or removable depending upon the needs and how well he or she will follow instructions regarding oral care and hygiene. There are various types of brackets like bonable/weldable, lingual. edgewise, clear etc.in the dental market and used according to the treatment plan by the dentist.

Patients often exhibit gingival hypertrophy, bleeding, increased plaque accumulation and calculus formation during orthodontic treatment. It is also difficult to remove microbial growth or clean orthodontic appliance fixed at the critical site leading to enamel decalcification and white spot lesion formation around the orthodontic appliance.

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A CHILD FIRST VISIT TO THE DENTIST

There are many questions in parents regarding when, where, for how long and for what reasons we have to visit the dentist for their child first oral scanning.thay have an anxiety-like what dentist do on my 1-year-old child? what at age 1? My baby just having his/her teeth recently.

The American Academy of paediatrics, American Academy of pediatric dentistry(AAPD) and the American dental association recommend a child’s first visit takes place at the eruption of the first tooth or by the child’s first behaviour.

Fist dental visit of a child is usually very short with minimal or no treatment. The purpose of the visit to build up comfort, trust and confidence level in visiting the dentist. Some dentist may ask the parents to set on the dental chair and hold their child during an oral examination to make the environment non-threatening and friendly. Some dentist may ask the parents to wait in the reception to make a relationship between your child and your dentist.

A child first includes an oral examination of existing teeth, gums, jaws, oral tissues and bite examination. The first visit is always informative to the parents regarding the maintenance of oral hygiene in a child. It includes good oral hygiene practices for your child’s teeth, gums, cavity prevention, oral habits like thumb sucking/lip sucking, fluoride needs, teething, proper nutrition, developmental disturbance of teeth or tongue and follow-ups. Many dentists recommend every 6 months checkup to build a repo and to monitor the development of the teeth and treat any developing problems before it gets progressed.

There is a specialised branch in dentistry for children i.e pediatric dentist. They have all the training on management and treatment of a child developing teeth, child behaviour,physical growth, development and special care needs. All pediatric dentists and many general practitioners also maintenance and décor which are children friendly and pleasing to them. They have a special dental chair, child instruments, types of equipment and toys which are specially designed for children.

Reference is taken from WebMD and Colgate article on a child’s first visit to the dentist.

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DENTAL SCALING EQUIPMENTS - DENTALAAKA

Dentalscaling is as important as your daily brushing or flossing.there are some food particles which cannot be remove4d by regular brushing or flossing. In this scenario, dental scalers come to rescue and play its role to, maintain proper hygiene of the patient. It is only done by dental professions through their latest equipped tools.

Scaling is the procedure where dental calculus is removed from supra and subgingival surfaces of the tooth. It can be performed using a mechanical or hand instruments by dental professionals. The procedure of hand scaling is more precise and allows better tactile sensation whereas mechanical scaling instruments require less time to remove the deposit and result in less operator fatigue.

Hand scaling is used to remove large, bulky supra gingival deposit on the surface of the teeth. Hand instruments have a handle, shank and a working end or tip. Frequent sharpening is required to maintain its efficacy and sharp edges.The handle can be varied according to their shapes, and style to reduce strain and hand fatigue. Working end can be angled,curved or straight and made up of stainless steel or carbide steel. Hand scalers come in different varieties like hand scaler, curette,sickle scaler,hoe, chisel and files.Hand scalers have a sharp cutting edge and curette comes with a rounded toe. Hoe is most useful in removing a large amount of calculus.

Powered or mechanical scalers removes calculus easily, more efficiently in less amount of time. There are three types of mechanical scalers 

1.sonic scalers 

2.ultrasonicscalers 

3.rotary scalers.

Sonic scalers are compressed air driven and require a compressed air driven dental unit. They are less effective than ultrasonic scalers but they generate less heat and decreases the chances of iatrogenic damages to the tooth. They are mostly used supra gingivally and tips of the scalars oscillated at a sonic frequency.

Ultrasonic scalers are the most commonly used equipment in a dental clinic nowadays. They are electric driven and tips oscillated at the ultrasonic frequencies like 20KHZ,30KHZ or more. The vibration of the tips generated by either magnetostrictive or piezoelectric mechanisms of the handpiece. Ultrasonic oscillation of the tips causes cavitation of the water coolant which releases energy and helps to disrupt calculus on the surface of the tooth. Ultrasonic scalers are generally designed for supragingival use but the tips are designed for subgingival calculus also.

Rotary scalers are very uncommon in day to day practice as they have more chances of iatrogenic damage is high. Non-cutting burs are used in a high speed, air driven handpiece.when the bur is applied to the calculus, the calculus disintegrates and flushed away by the water spray. They have been shown to cause extensive enamel damage and when used in humans, resulted in postoperative pain.

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APEX LOCATOR - DENTALAAKA

It is the instrument used in dentistry to determine the working length of root canal in root canal treatment as an adjunct to radiography. They are basically used to locate apical foramen by determining the apical constriction or cement-dentinal junction.

The basic principle of apex locator is based on electrical resistance and apex of the root of the canal has a specific resistance to electrical current ad this is measured using a pair of electrodes typically hooked into the lip and attached to an endodontic file. These are divided into 4 types based on the way the apex is located.

1st generation is also called resistance apex locator. They are based on the principle that resistance offered by periodontal ligament and the oral mucous membrane is the same the is 6.5 k ohms. They measure the opposition to the flow of direct current that is resistance. This locator gives a false reading in the presence of blood, pus, irrigants , a chelating agent. The main advantage of using this apex locator are using operated digital readout,can be used wit6h k-file, may incorporate pulp tester and disadvantages are require dry field, patient sensitivity and cannot estimate beyond 2mm.

2nd generation apex locator works on the principle of impedance,hence they are called impedance apex locator. They work by measuring opposition to flow of alternating current. The major disadvantage of second-generation apex locator is that root canal has to be free of electroconductive materials to obtain accurate readings.presence of electro-conductive irrigants changes the electric characteristic and lead to inaccurate readings. The main disadvantage of using these type of apex locator is that they do not require lip clip, no patient sensitivity, analogue method and disadvantages are no digital readout, difficult to operate, the canal should be free of electro-conductive irrigants and tissue fluids.

The 3rd generation is also called frequency-dependent apex locator.It works on the principle of frequency or comparative impedance.they are based on the fact that different sites in the canal give a difference in impedance between high and low frequencies. The difference in impedance is least in the coronal part of the canal and as the probe goes deeper into canal difference increases and it is greatest at a cement-dentinal junction. The main advantage of using this apex locator is easy to operate, uses k-file, an audible indication,can operate in presence of fluids, analogue readout and disadvantages are they require lip clip and chances of short circuit.

4th generation measures the resistance and capacitance separately rather than the resultant impedance value. By using 4th generation apex locator the capacitance and resistance broken down into primary components and measures separately for better accuracy and thus fewer chances of occurrence of errors.

Evolution in endodontics is at their fast pace and now the market is going toward the 5th or 6th generation. Reference is taken from journals issued in dentist junior and NCBI.

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ELECTRIC TOOTHBRUSHES

According to the researchers at the University of Greifswald in Germany that electric toothbrushe help to prevent tooth loss as compared to manual brushing. Study shows that electric toothbrushes are most beneficial in maintaining good oral hygiene and linked with slower progression of periodontal diseases. This 11-year-old study is based on examination, observation and follows up. The observational study investigates the relation and association between electric toothbrushing and periodontitis, caries and number of teeth present.

Users of electric toothbrush experienced 20% less tooth loss during follow up than manual. Participants of this study group according to the severity of their periodontitis, the association between electric toothbrushing and tooth retention was significant only in those with no or mild periodontitis and not in those with moderate or severe periodontitis. Further observation showed and relate electric toothbrushing with fewer pockets and better attachment of teeth to the gums and bone. Electric brushing was much more effective as a preventive tool rather than when periodontitis has already progressed.

Electric toothbrush seems to be in plaque control in older people who have reduced fine motor skills.No association was found between electric toothbrush usage and dental caries. Fluoride plays a major role in the prevention and progression of dental caries.

Reference is taken from the article electric toothbrushes help prevent tooth loss, reported on 23 May 2019 in dentistry today

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WHY STERILIZATION IS MUST ?

Does everybody wonder why sterilization is a must? Why we should do it? Why don’t we neglect it for one day? Why do extra work rather than treating a patient? One latest horrific real incidence comes to the surface when one local newspaper published this report on 20 may 2019 that 563 patients may have a risk of HIV. Patient at the Dentality Hoddesdon practice in Hertfordshire received letters telling that a hygienist had failed to sterilize dental equipment .All this happens when a patient of Dentality Hoddesdon practice received a letter to get HIV to test after 3 months of their appointment. The practice is run by Dr.Vishaal shah, said that they are very careful with patient care and have always put patient first and as soon as we became aware of behaviour from a hygienist that did not meet the rightful standards we expect from our entire team, we launched a full investigation and escalated the matter to all key authorities. All this happened because of negligence in the sterilization of ultrasonic scaler. It was being treated twice a day when it should have been sterilized after each use. This error was noticed by other staff and reported it and then the hygienist has been dismissed by the practice.

A statement issued by health official said there is a risk of 563 patient of blood infection.Dr.Jorg Hoffman of public health England east said “the risk of contracting hepatitis b, hepatitis c, or HIV is extremely low and testing is being offered as a precautionary measure.

This news shows how negligence can badly affect the lives of innocent people. One question from this report arises that how our health officials work and it took them three months to warn everyone is shameful and most importantly how many more people could have been infected in that time?

Dentalaaka.com is an online dental store with a huge variety of dental products, materials, instruments and equipment. Not only this it also has separate sections for dental education related products and a whole new dental decor segment which will give an insight to more cheerful interior accessories for the dentists.

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Gadchiroli - Records Highest Oral Cancer Cases In India

Oral cancer is the most talked topics in the society especially in India. Now a most lay report generated by population-based cancer Registry(PBCR) IN 2015-2016, Gadchiroli in Maharashtra recorded the highest incidence of oral cancer cases in the country.

This new study aims to understand the epidemiology of cancer in a tribal population, living in Gadchiroli (one of the backwards regions of India).The study is a joint initiative by Tata memorial hospital(TMH) and Dr.Abhay bangs society of education, Action, and research in Community Health(SEARCH).

The report found the incidence rate of oral cancer in Gadchiroli was 12 cases in women and 20 cases among in per lakh population in 2015-2016 which is none of the highest in the country. In general 600 cases were reported in the region with 40%of men and 20% in women. estimated prevalence rate is 10-12%.

The international agency for research on cancer list tobacco and betel nut as a carcinogen and 50.4%of Gadchiroli population consuming them and if this habit can be curbed, the rate of oral cancer can be bought down by 50%.

This report also disclosed irony that the people are aware that tobacco causes cancer but found mothers giving kharra or mawa (a mixture of tobacco and betel nut) to children to stop them from crying, so dependency starts at a very early age.

Reference for this blog is taken from Hindustan times report on 18 April 2019.

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NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOY - DENTALAAKA

ABOUT NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOY

These days technology is advancing at a pace of mind where dental experts can modify their technique and makes their technique time saving, an easier and convenient.the very good example of it is the use of NiTi alloy in use of making dental instruments. NiTi alloy composition in most of the instruments is 55% nickel 45%titanium.NiTi alloy used in endodontic, surgery and orthodontic instruments.

In Endodontics, there are NiTi files which are tapered engine-driven and pointed instrument with cutting edges used to mechanically shape and prepare the root canal during RCT or Retreatment cases and in other cases like fractures and alinement of teeth.

First, NiTi files are introduced in the market in 1991. It is commonly used in endodontic practice instead of stainless steel due to its super-flexibility and shape memory feature. The specially designed NiTi files work in a similar but reverse-balanced force action using a pre-programmed motor to move the files in a back and forth reciprocal motion. They particularly exhibit superelastic behavior between 16-125 degree Celsius.

NiTi alloy comes in hand and rotary files in 2,4,6,8% taper with different length in 21,25,31mm. newer retreatment files from NiTi is also introduced in the dental world with different taper and length of 20/07,25/08,30/09.NiTi k files are extremely flexible and especially useful for apical enlargement of severe apical curves.

Other NiTi instruments like wires are very much common in dental practice due to its less cutting and more flexibility.

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CURING LIGHT - DENTALAAKA

ABOUT - CURING LIGHT

                                                                         

It is a piece of dental equipment that is used for the polymerization of light cure resin composite or other material that is curable by light. The development of curinglight greatly changed the scenario of dentistry to make it a better and easier way for clinicians. After the introduction of light-activated resin material in 1960, the necessity of curing light was increased. Curing light delivered a range of wavelengths and comes under the category of the visible blue light spectrum. There are tungsten halogen, the light emitting diode(now commonly used), plasma arch and lasers available in the market. first curing light Nuva light(UV) developed by Dentsply in 1970 but it is discontinued due to its shorter wavelength and UV light did not penetrate deeply enough into the resin to adequately cure it. In 1980s advancement occurs and blue light then quartz halogen bulb is introduced in the dental world but their wavelength and penetration are less as compared to the advancement in the curing light material are at its peak.

The latest advancement in technology is LED curing light and they are widely used in the dentistry.LED curing light to have their different wavelengths and penetration time like some of LED curing light have 3sec.6sec,9sec etc and some have intensity meter also. They are more lightweight, portable and effective. the heat generated from LED curing light is much less which means it doesn’t require a fan to cool it. They use less power and now comes with rechargeable batteries, making it much easier and comfortable to use.

Dentalaaka.com is an online dental store with a huge variety of dental products, materials, instruments and equipment’s. Not only this it also has separate sections for dental education related products and a whole new dental decor segment which will give an insight to more cheerful interior accessories for the dentists.

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HIGH-SPEED HANDPIECES - DENTALAAKA

ABOUT HIGH-SPEED HANDPIECES

They are handheld,air driven handpieces which rotates at a speed of 2 lakhs to 8 lakhs rpm. They are a precision device used for the removal of tooth structure efficiently and rapidly with no production of pressure, heat or vibration.In contrary to slow- speed handpiece they produce less heat and vibration which avoids injury to the pulpal tissues and also speed up the procedure. All high-speed handpieces incorporate an air or water spray as a coolent.Water or air spray are adjusted in a way that it forms a halo to cool the rotating bur at such a high speed. With the combination of high speed and water coolant, the working area is made clear and visible to the clinician. Handpieces mainly have two components, the body and the turbine.

 They come in various varieties like chuck/push, standard/mini/super torque,turbine air rotors and now ,for the more visibility fibre-optic are introduced in the market. With high-speed handpieces the bur continues to rotate even after the clinician removes his foot from pedal controlling air/water spray, its called coast speed.Most of the handpieces have two holes in the front, its called Borden two holes handpiece.Now, three holes are introduced which is used to vent out the excess air from the head of handpieces.

Many materials are used in the manufacture of handpieces like stainless steel which is stronger and heavier but now titanium is used which is much lighter, stronger and more resistant to repeated cycles of sterilization.

Handpieces should routinely require cleaning and disinfection.The lubricant should be used safely to use in the conjunction with steamsterilization at 135 degree Celsius.

Dentalaaka.com is an online dental store with a huge variety of dental products, materials, instruments and equipment’s. Not only this it also has separate sections for dental education related products and a whole new dental decor segment which will give an insight to more cheerful interior accessories for the dentists.

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